Orta Çağ'ın büyük güçleri listesi

Bu liste maddesi, Orta Çağ'da hüküm süren büyük güçlerin listesidir.

"Büyük güç" terimi sadece 1815 Viyana Kongresi'nden bu yana tarih ve siyaset biliminde kullanılmıştır.^[1] İngiliz Dışişleri Bakanı Lord Castlereagh, terimi ilk kez 1814'te Chaumont Antlaşması'na atıfta bulunarak diplomatik bağlamda kullandı. Bu nedenle, terimin Orta Çağ tarih yazımında kullanılması her yazara özgüdür.

Büyük güçler[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]

Çin (her zaman)^[2]^[3]
Ahameniş İmparatorluğu (Sasani İmparatorluğu, 500–600; Samanoğulları, 900–950; Timurlular, 1400–1450)
Bizans İmparatorluğu (500–1050)
Göktürk Kağanlığı (550–600)
Tibet İmparatorluğu (650-1250)
Hilâfet (650-850)
Karolenj İmparatorluğu (751–843)^[4]^[5]
Türkler (Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı, 650; Selçuklular, 1050–1100; Osmanlı)
Vikingler^[6] (800–1050)
Birinci Bulgar İmparatorluğu (803–963)^[7]
Pratihara İmparatorluğu (850)
Hazarlar (850–900)
Kiev Knezliği (900–1050)
Büveyhîler (950)
Fâtımîler (950–1050)
Liao Hanedanı (950–1150)
Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu (950–1200)^[8]^[9]
Murâbıtlar (1040-1147)
Gazneliler (1050)
Muvahhidler (1150–1250)
Memlûk Devleti (1250-1450)
Moğol İmparatorluğu (1250–1450)
Khmer İmparatorluğu (1250)
Mali İmparatorluğu (1300, 1450)
Fransa Krallığı (1300'den beri)^[10]
Çağatay Hanlığı (1350)
Litvanya Büyük Dükalığı (1450)
İspanyol İmparatorluğu (1479'dan beri)^[11]
İnka İmparatorluğu (1500)
Moskova Knezliği (1500)

Ayrıca bakınız[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]

Kaynakça[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]

^ World history, 1815–1930. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1922. ss. 25-28, 36-44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5. Great Powers Congress of Vienna.
^ William Eckhardt, Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War (McFarland, 1992), p. 113: "Medieval Great Powers included China throughout, Persia (500-600, 900-50, 1400-50), Byzantium (500-1050), Tu Chueh (550-600), Tibet (650- 1250), Muslim (650-850), Turkey (650, 1050-1100, 1450-1500), Prati (850), Khazar (850-900), Kiev (900-1050), Bujid (950), Fatimid (950-1050), Liao (950-1150), Ghaznavid (1050), Al-mohad (1150-1250), Egypt (1250-1450), Mongolia (1250-1450), Khmer (1250), Mali (1300, 1450), Chagatai (1350), Lithuania (1450), Inca (1500) and Russia (1500)."
^ Szabolcs József Polgár, "The Character of the Trade between the Nomads and their Settled Neighbours in Eurasia in the Middle Ages", Studia Uralo-altaica 53 (2019): 253, contrasts "the nomads of the Eurasian steppe with their settled neighbours", calling the former "steppe empires (that is, the greatest nomadic confederations)" and the latter "medieval great powers". He gives China, Sassanian Persia, the Caliphate and the Eastern Roman Empire as medieval great powers.
^ Henry Davis: Medieval Europe. Williams and Norgate, London 1911, p. 55: "These crowded years of war leave the Frankish Empire established as the one great power west of the Elbe and Adriatic."
^ Thomas Hodgkin: The life of Charlemagne (Charles The Great), London 1897, p. 11
^ Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 68, uses the Vikings as an example of a great power that was not a Great Power.
^ Daniel Ziemann: Das Erste bulgarische Reich 29 Ocak 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Eine frühmittelalterliche Großmacht zwischen Byzanz und Abendland. (German: An early medieval great power between Byzantium and the Occident) In: Online handbook on the history of South-East Europe. Volume I Rule and politics in Southeastern Europe until 1800. Published by the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies of the Leibniz Association, Regensburg 2016
^ Frank Rexroth: Deutsche Geschichte im Mittelalter. C.H. Beck, Munich 2005, 978-3-406-48007-2, p. 22 ("The special proximity of the Ottonian and early Salian rulers to the Imperial Church was to contribute quite considerably to the rise of the East Frankish Empire to a European great power, as was already noticeable in the 940s".)
^ Johannes Haller and Heinrich Dannenbauer: Von den Karolingern zu den Staufern: Die altdeutsche Kaiserzeit (900–1250). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970, p. 129 ( “It became apparent that the German leadership in the West“ [after the year 1200] “had ceased to exist and that the new French great power was rising in its place.” )
^ Jürgen Miethke: Philipp IV. der Schöne (German: Philip IV of France) 1285 – 1314 In: Joachim Ehlers, Heribert Müller, Bernd Schneidmüller: Die Französische Könige des Mittelalters von Odo bis Karl VIII. (German: The French kings of the Middle Ages: from Odo to Charles VIII 888 – 1498), C. H. Beck Munich 2006, 978-3-406-54739-3, p. 184: “France finally grew into a European great power, even defining in the first place what it means to be a European great power”
^ Jack S. Levy: War in the Modern Great Power System 1495 – 1975. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington 1983, 978-0-8131-5339-1, p. 20

Uzun okuma[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]

Cooper, F. (2008). Dünya Tarihinde İmparatorluklar ve Siyasal İmgelem . Princeton [u ]: Princeton University Press.
Doyle, MW (1986). imparatorluklar . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
İngilizce, Edward D. ed. Ortaçağ Dünyasının Ansiklopedisi (2 cilt 2004).
Farrington, K. (2003). İmparatorlukların Tarihsel Atlası . Londra: Merkür.
Harrison, T. ve J. Paul Getty Müzesi. (2009). Antik Dünyanın Büyük İmparatorlukları . Los Angeles, Kaliforniya: J. Paul Getty Müzesi.
Khan, A. (2004). Hindistan'ın Tarihsel Atlası . New York: Rosen Pub.
Ürdün, William Chester. (1996) Orta Çağ: Öğrenciler İçin Bir Ansiklopedi (4 Cilt)
Labberton, RH (1884). Tarihsel bir atlas: Birbirini izleyen dönemlerde yüz on iki haritadan oluşan kronolojik bir dizi . New York.
Litwin, H. (2016), Orta Avrupa Süper Gücü 12 Kasım 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., BUM Dergisi, Ekim 2016.
Loyn, HR (1989) Orta Çağ: Kısa Bir Ansiklopedi. (1989)
Morris, I. ve Scheidel, W. (2009). Antik İmparatorlukların Dinamikleri: Asur'dan Bizans'a Devlet İktidarı . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi Açık Ders Kitabı Projesi 6 Şubat 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., Cambridge: Açık Kitap, yakında.
Petitjean, P., Jami, C., Moulin, AM ve Equipe REHSEIS (Centre National de la recherche scientifique (Fransa)). (1992). Bilim ve İmparatorluklar: Bilimsel Gelişme ve Avrupa'nın Yayılması ile ilgili Tarihsel Çalışmalar . Dordrecht: Kluwer Akademik Yayıncılar.
Çoban, WR ve CS Hammond & Company. (1911). Tarih Atlası 4 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. . New York: Henry Holt ve Co.
Stearns, Peter N. ed. Dünya Tarihi Ansiklopedisi (2001).

[1] World history, 1815–1930. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1922. ss. 25-28, 36-44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5. Great Powers Congress of Vienna.

[WE-2] William Eckhardt, Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War (McFarland, 1992), p. 113: "Medieval Great Powers included China throughout, Persia (500-600, 900-50, 1400-50), Byzantium (500-1050), Tu Chueh (550-600), Tibet (650- 1250), Muslim (650-850), Turkey (650, 1050-1100, 1450-1500), Prati (850), Khazar (850-900), Kiev (900-1050), Bujid (950), Fatimid (950-1050), Liao (950-1150), Ghaznavid (1050), Al-mohad (1150-1250), Egypt (1250-1450), Mongolia (1250-1450), Khmer (1250), Mali (1300, 1450), Chagatai (1350), Lithuania (1450), Inca (1500) and Russia (1500)."

[SJP-3] Szabolcs József Polgár, "The Character of the Trade between the Nomads and their Settled Neighbours in Eurasia in the Middle Ages", Studia Uralo-altaica 53 (2019): 253, contrasts "the nomads of the Eurasian steppe with their settled neighbours", calling the former "steppe empires (that is, the greatest nomadic confederations)" and the latter "medieval great powers". He gives China, Sassanian Persia, the Caliphate and the Eastern Roman Empire as medieval great powers.

[4] Henry Davis: Medieval Europe. Williams and Norgate, London 1911, p. 55: "These crowded years of war leave the Frankish Empire established as the one great power west of the Elbe and Adriatic."

[5] Thomas Hodgkin: The life of Charlemagne (Charles The Great), London 1897, p. 11

[GS68-6] Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 68, uses the Vikings as an example of a great power that was not a Great Power.

[7] Daniel Ziemann: Das Erste bulgarische Reich 29 Ocak 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Eine frühmittelalterliche Großmacht zwischen Byzanz und Abendland. (German: An early medieval great power between Byzantium and the Occident) In: Online handbook on the history of South-East Europe. Volume I Rule and politics in Southeastern Europe until 1800. Published by the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies of the Leibniz Association, Regensburg 2016

[8] Frank Rexroth: Deutsche Geschichte im Mittelalter. C.H. Beck, Munich 2005, 978-3-406-48007-2, p. 22 ("The special proximity of the Ottonian and early Salian rulers to the Imperial Church was to contribute quite considerably to the rise of the East Frankish Empire to a European great power, as was already noticeable in the 940s".)

[9] Johannes Haller and Heinrich Dannenbauer: Von den Karolingern zu den Staufern: Die altdeutsche Kaiserzeit (900–1250). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970, p. 129 ( “It became apparent that the German leadership in the West“ [after the year 1200] “had ceased to exist and that the new French great power was rising in its place.” )

[10] Jürgen Miethke: Philipp IV. der Schöne (German: Philip IV of France) 1285 – 1314 In: Joachim Ehlers, Heribert Müller, Bernd Schneidmüller: Die Französische Könige des Mittelalters von Odo bis Karl VIII. (German: The French kings of the Middle Ages: from Odo to Charles VIII 888 – 1498), C. H. Beck Munich 2006, 978-3-406-54739-3, p. 184: “France finally grew into a European great power, even defining in the first place what it means to be a European great power”

[11] Jack S. Levy: War in the Modern Great Power System 1495 – 1975. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington 1983, 978-0-8131-5339-1, p. 20

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