Elementlerin keşif tarihleri

Z	Element	İlk kullanımı	Bulunan en eski örneği	Keşfeden(ler)	En eski örneğin yeri	Notlar
29	Bakır	MÖ 9000	MÖ 6000	Orta Doğu	Anadolu	^[1]^[2]^[3]
82	Kurşun	MÖ 7000	MÖ 3800	Anadolu	Abidos, Mısır	^[4]
79	Altın	MÖ 6000 öncesi	MÖ 4000 öncesi	Levant	Kene Vadisi	^[5]
47	Gümüş	MÖ 5000 öncesi	MÖ 4000 civarı	Anadolu	Anadolu	^[6]
26	Demir	MÖ 5000 öncesi	MÖ 4000	Orta Doğu	Mısır	^[7]^[8]^[9]
6	Karbon	MÖ 3750	MÖ 2500	Antik Mısırlılar ve Sümerliler	Orta Doğu	^[10]^[11]
50	Kalay	MÖ 3500	MÖ 2000	Anadolu	Kestel	^[12]^[13]^[14]
16	Kükürt	MÖ 2000 öncesi		Orta Doğu	Orta Doğu	^[15]^[16]^[17]
80	Cıva	MÖ 1500	MÖ 1500	Antik Mısırlılar	Mısır	ref>"Mercury and the environment – Basic facts". Environment Canada, Federal Government of Canada. 2004. 15 Ocak 2007 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Mart 2008. </ref>
30	Çinko	MÖ 1000 öncesi	MÖ 1000	Indian metallurgists	Hint yarımadası	Used as a component of brass since antiquity (before 1000 BC) by Indian metallurgists, but its true nature was not understood in ancient times. Zinc smelting was done in China and India around 1300.^[18] Identified as a distinct metal in the Rasaratna Samuccaya around the 14th century of the Christian era^[19] and by the alchemist Paracelsus in 1526,^[20] who gave it its present name and described it as a new metal.^[18] P. M. de Respour isolated it from zinc oxide in 1668;^[18] the first detailed documentation of zinc isolation was given by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746.^[21]
78	Platin	MÖ 600-MS 200	MÖ 600-MS 200	Güney Amerika	Güney Amerika	Used by pre-Columbian Americans near modern-day Esmeraldas, Ecuador to produce artifacts of a white gold-platinum alloy, although precise dating is difficult.^[22] First European description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Antonio de Ulloa was on an expedition to Peru in 1735, where he observed the metal; he published his findings in 1748. Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.^[23]
33	Arsenik	y. 850-950	y. 850-950	Câbir bin Hayyan	Orta Doğu	The use of metallic arsenic was described by the Egyptian alchemist Zosimos.^[24] The purification of arsenic was later described in the works attributed to the Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (y. 850–950).^[25] Albertus Magnus (y. 1200–1280) is typically credited with the description of the metal in the West,^[26] though some question his work and instead credit Vannoccio Biringuccio, whose De la pirotechnia (1540) distinguishes orpiment from crystalline arsenic. The first to unquestionably have prepared metallic arsenic was Johann Schröder in 1641. Recognised as an element after Lavoisier's definition in 1787.^[18]
51	Antimon	y. 850-950	y. 850-950	Jabir ibn Hayyan	Orta Doğu	Dioscorides and Pliny both describe the accidental production of metallic antimony from stibnite, but only seem to recognize the metal as lead.^[27] The intentional isolation of antimony is described in the works attributed to the Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (y. 850–950).^[25] In Europe, the metal was being produced and used by 1540, when it was described by Vannoccio Biringuccio.^[28] Described again by Georgius Agricola De re metallica in 1556. Probably first recognised as an element by Lavoisier in 1787.^[18]
83	Bizmut	y. 1500^[29]	y. 1500	European alchemists and Inca civilisation	Avrupa ve Güney Amerika	Bismuth was known since ancient times, but often confused with tin and lead, which are chemically similar. The Incas used bismuth (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special bronze alloy for knives.^[30] Agricola (1530 and 1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. This was based on observation of the metals and their physical properties.^[18]^[31] Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the name Latince: tectum argenti, or "silver being made" in the sense of silver still in the process of being formed within the Earth.^[32]^[33]^[34] Beginning with Johann Heinrich Pott in 1738,^[35] Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Torbern Olof Bergman, the distinctness of lead and bismuth became clear, and Claude François Geoffroy demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead and tin.^[33]^[36]^[37]

Kaynakça[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]

^ "Copper History". Rameria.com. 17 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ "CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper". 3 Şubat 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.
^ "Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers". UCL.ac.uk. UCL Institute of Archaeology. 23 Eylül 2010. 28 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Nisan 2017.
^ "The History of Lead – Part 3". Lead.org.au. 18 Ekim 2004 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S.; Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". Current Anthropology. 31 (4). ss. 436-443. doi:10.1086/203868. JSTOR 2743275.
^ "47 Silver". 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.
^ "26 Iron". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "Elements Known to the Ancients". Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ss. 29-40. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0. LCCN 68-15217.
^ "Notes on the Significance of the First Persian Empire in World History". Courses.wcupa.edu. 20 Temmuz 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials – Center for Applied Energy Research – University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 1 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ "Chinese made first use of diamond". BBC News. 17 Mayıs 2005. 20 Mart 2007 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Mart 2007.
^ "50 Tin". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ Hauptmann, A.; Maddin, R.; Prange, M. (2002), On the structure and composition of copper and tin ingots excavated from the shipwreck of Uluburun, 328 (328), pp. 1–30: American Schools of Oriental Research, JSTOR 1357777 Bilinmeyen parametre |periyodik= görmezden gelindi (yardım)
^ "History of Metals". Neon.mems.cmu.edu. 8 Ocak 2007 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ "Sulfur History". Georgiagulfsulfur.com. 16 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ Rapp, George Robert (4 Şubat 2009). Archaeomineralogy. Springer. s. 242. ISBN 978-3-540-78593-4.
^ Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Kahire: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 9783487091150. OCLC 468740510. vol. II, p. 1, note 1; Weisser, Ursula (1980). Spies, Otto (Ed.). Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110866933. ISBN 978-3-11-007333-1. p. 199. On the dating and historical background of the Sirr al-khalīqa, see Kraus 1942−1943, vol. II, pp. 270–303; Weisser 1980, pp. 39–72. On the dating of the writings attributed to Jābir, see Kraus 1942−1943, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv. A more detailed and speculative account of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals is given by Holmyard, E.J. (1931). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ss. 57-58.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; Miskowiec isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
^ Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", World Archaeology 15 (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13
^ "30 Zinc". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals". The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. s. 21. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0.
^ David A. Scott and Warwick Bray (1980). "Ancient Platinum Technology in South America: Its use by the Indians in Pre-Hispanic Times". Platinum Metals Review. 6 Kasım 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Nov 2018.
^ "78 Platinum". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.
^ Holmyard, Eric John (1957). Alchemy. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486262987. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ocak 2018.
^ ^a ^b Sarton, George (1927–1948). Introduction to the History of Science. I–III. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. OCLC 476555889. vol. I, p. 532: "We find in them [sc. the works attributed to Jabir] [...] preparation of various substances (e. g., basic lead carbonate; arsenic and antimony from their sulphides)." On the dating of the writings attributed to Jabir, see Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv.
^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198503415. Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2018.
^ Healy, John F. (1999). Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198146872. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ocak 2018.
^ Biringuccio, Vannoccio (1959). Pirotechnia. Courier Corporation. ss. 91-92. ISBN 9780486261348. Erişim tarihi: 31 Ocak 2018. Probably metallic antimony was being produced in Germany in Biringuccio's time, for later in this chapter he mentions importation of cakes of the smelted (or melted) metal to alloy with pewter or bell metal.
^ "Bismuth - Royal Society of Chemistry". 8 Aralık 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.
^ Gordon, Robert B.; Rutledge, John W. (1984). "Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru". Science. 223 (4636). ss. 585-586. Bibcode:1984Sci...223..585G. doi:10.1126/science.223.4636.585. JSTOR 1692247. PMID 17749940.
^ Agricola, Georgious (1955) [1546]. De Natura Fossilium. New York: Mineralogical Society of America. s. 178. 14 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.
^ Nicholson, William (1819). "Bismuth". American edition of the British encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of Arts and sciences; comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. s. 181.
^ ^a ^b Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1). s. 11. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9...11W. doi:10.1021/ed009p11.
^ Giunta, Carmen J. "Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms". Le Moyne College. 12 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023. See also for other terms for bismuth, including stannum glaciale (glacial tin or ice-tin).
^ Pott, Johann Heinrich (1738). "De Wismutho". Exercitationes Chymicae. Berolini: Apud Johannem Andream Rüdigerum. s. 134.
^ Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st. Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. ss. 4-1. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
^ Geoffroy, C.F. (1753). "Sur Bismuth". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences ... Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique ... Tirez des Registres de Cette Académie. s. 190. 18 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.

[1] "Copper History". Rameria.com. 17 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[2] "CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper". 3 Şubat 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.

[3] "Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers". UCL.ac.uk. UCL Institute of Archaeology. 23 Eylül 2010. 28 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Nisan 2017.

[4] "The History of Lead – Part 3". Lead.org.au. 18 Ekim 2004 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna-5] Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S.; Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". Current Anthropology. 31 (4). ss. 436-443. doi:10.1086/203868. JSTOR 2743275.

[6] "47 Silver". 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.

[7] "26 Iron". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[8] Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "Elements Known to the Ancients". Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ss. 29-40. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0. LCCN 68-15217.

[9] "Notes on the Significance of the First Persian Empire in World History". Courses.wcupa.edu. 20 Temmuz 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[10] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials – Center for Applied Energy Research – University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 1 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[11] "Chinese made first use of diamond". BBC News. 17 Mayıs 2005. 20 Mart 2007 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Mart 2007.

[12] "50 Tin". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[13] Hauptmann, A.; Maddin, R.; Prange, M. (2002), On the structure and composition of copper and tin ingots excavated from the shipwreck of Uluburun, 328 (328), pp. 1–30: American Schools of Oriental Research, JSTOR 1357777 Bilinmeyen parametre |periyodik= görmezden gelindi (yardım)

[14] "History of Metals". Neon.mems.cmu.edu. 8 Ocak 2007 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[15] "Sulfur History". Georgiagulfsulfur.com. 16 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[16] Rapp, George Robert (4 Şubat 2009). Archaeomineralogy. Springer. s. 242. ISBN 978-3-540-78593-4.

[17] Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Kahire: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 9783487091150. OCLC 468740510. vol. II, p. 1, note 1; Weisser, Ursula (1980). Spies, Otto (Ed.). Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110866933. ISBN 978-3-11-007333-1. p. 199. On the dating and historical background of the Sirr al-khalīqa, see Kraus 1942−1943, vol. II, pp. 270–303; Weisser 1980, pp. 39–72. On the dating of the writings attributed to Jābir, see Kraus 1942−1943, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv. A more detailed and speculative account of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals is given by Holmyard, E.J. (1931). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ss. 57-58.

[Miskowiec-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; Miskowiec isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)

[Craddock-19] Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", World Archaeology 15 (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13

[20] "30 Zinc". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[21] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals". The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. s. 21. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0.

[22] David A. Scott and Warwick Bray (1980). "Ancient Platinum Technology in South America: Its use by the Indians in Pre-Hispanic Times". Platinum Metals Review. 6 Kasım 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Nov 2018.

[23] "78 Platinum". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 23 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2008.

[24] Holmyard, Eric John (1957). Alchemy. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486262987. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ocak 2018.

[Sarton-25] Sarton, George (1927–1948). Introduction to the History of Science. I–III. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. OCLC 476555889. vol. I, p. 532: "We find in them [sc. the works attributed to Jabir] [...] preparation of various substances (e. g., basic lead carbonate; arsenic and antimony from their sulphides)." On the dating of the writings attributed to Jabir, see Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv.

[26] Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198503415. Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2018.

[27] Healy, John F. (1999). Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198146872. Erişim tarihi: 26 Ocak 2018.

[28] Biringuccio, Vannoccio (1959). Pirotechnia. Courier Corporation. ss. 91-92. ISBN 9780486261348. Erişim tarihi: 31 Ocak 2018. Probably metallic antimony was being produced in Germany in Biringuccio's time, for later in this chapter he mentions importation of cakes of the smelted (or melted) metal to alloy with pewter or bell metal.

[29] "Bismuth - Royal Society of Chemistry". 8 Aralık 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.

[30] Gordon, Robert B.; Rutledge, John W. (1984). "Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru". Science. 223 (4636). ss. 585-586. Bibcode:1984Sci...223..585G. doi:10.1126/science.223.4636.585. JSTOR 1692247. PMID 17749940.

[31] Agricola, Georgious (1955) [1546]. De Natura Fossilium. New York: Mineralogical Society of America. s. 178. 14 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.

[32] Nicholson, William (1819). "Bismuth". American edition of the British encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of Arts and sciences; comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. s. 181.

[Weeks-33] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1). s. 11. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9...11W. doi:10.1021/ed009p11.

[34] Giunta, Carmen J. "Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms". Le Moyne College. 12 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023. See also for other terms for bismuth, including stannum glaciale (glacial tin or ice-tin).

[35] Pott, Johann Heinrich (1738). "De Wismutho". Exercitationes Chymicae. Berolini: Apud Johannem Andream Rüdigerum. s. 134.

[36] Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st. Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. ss. 4-1. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[37] Geoffroy, C.F. (1753). "Sur Bismuth". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences ... Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique ... Tirez des Registres de Cette Académie. s. 190. 18 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2023.

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Elementlerin keşif tarihleri nedir?, Elementlerin keşif tarihleri anlamı nedir?, Elementlerin keşif tarihleri ne demektir?

Elementlerin keşif tarihleri nedir?, Elementlerin keşif tarihleri anlamı nedir?, Elementlerin keşif tarihleri ne demektir?

Elementlerin keşif tarihleri

Kaynakça[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]