Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde muhafazakârlık

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde muhafazakârlık, sınırlı hükûmet ve eyalet hakları (adem-i merkeziyetçilik) olarak adlandırılan, Amerikan geleneklerini, cumhuriyetçiliği ve eyaletlerle ilgili olarak sınırlı federal hükûmet gücünü karakteristik olarak öncelik hâline getiren politik ve sosyal bir felsefedir. Tipik olarak Hristiyan değerlerini,^[1] ahlaki evrenselciliği,^[2] Amerikan istisnacılığını,^[3] ve bireyciliği destekler.^[4] Genellikle güçlü bir ulusal savunmayı, silah haklarını, serbest ticareti^[5] ve Batı kültürünü komünizm,^[6] sosyalizm ve ahlaki göreciliğin oluşturduğu tehditlere karşı korumayı savunur.^[7]

Amerikalı muhafazakârlar genellikle bireysel özgürlüğü muhafazakâr değerlerin sınırları içinde demokrasinin temel özelliği olarak görürler.^[8]^[9] Genellikle federal hükûmet ile eyaletlerin hakları arasında bir dengeye inanırlar. Bazı sağ liberterlerin dışında, Amerikalı muhafazakârlar, hükûmetin meşru yargı yetkisi içinde olduğuna inandıkları alanlarda, özellikle ulusal savunma ve kolluk kuvvetlerinde güçlü eylemden yana olma eğilimindedirler. Çoğu dindar olan sosyal muhafazakârlar genellikle kürtaja, sivil birlikteliklere ve eşcinsel evliliğe karşı çıkmaktadır. Genellikle devlet okullarında Hristiyan duasını ve özel Hristiyan okulları için devlet finansmanını tercih ederler.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki çoğu siyasi ideoloji gibi, muhafazakârlık, aristokrat ve monarşik hükûmeti reddeden ve 1776 ABD Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'nin ("tüm insanların eşit yaratıldığı, Yaratıcıları tarafından onlara devredilemez belirli özellikler bahşedildiği" ilkelerini destekleyen cumhuriyetçilikten kaynaklanır. Bunlar arasında Yaşam, Özgürlük ve Mutluluğun Peşinde olan haklar) ve (hukukun üstünlüğü altında federal bir cumhuriyet kuran) ABD Anayasası'nın hakları. Muhafazakâr felsefe de kısmen, laissez-faire ekonomisini (yani ekonomik özgürlük ve deregülasyon) savunan 18. ve 19. yüzyılların klasik liberalizm geleneğinden türemiştir.^[14]^[15]

Kaynakça[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]

^ Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford UP. 2011. s. 260. ISBN 9780199830268. 18 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.
^ American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2005. ss. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.
^ Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920-1990. United States: University of Missouri Press. 2012. ss. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
^ Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States: United States. 2007. s. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...
^ Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2000. ss. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.
^ Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009. ss. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.
^ Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ss. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.
^ Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution 11 Nisan 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136
^ Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, 978-1442216044.
^ Busch (1 Aralık 2011). "Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives". Society. 49 (1): 13-23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4.
^ "V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual?". The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics. UNC Press Books. 1988. ss. 186-188. ISBN 9781469632469. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2019.
^ Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. Taylor & Francis. 2018. s. 96. ISBN 9780429974533. 11 Nisan 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.
^ Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2004. ss. 51-53. ISBN 9781851095131. 11 Nisan 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.
^ "Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38". 1 Şubat 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.
^ M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.

[Oxford_UP-1] Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford UP. 2011. s. 260. ISBN 9780199830268. 18 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.

[2] American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2005. ss. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.

[3] Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920-1990. United States: University of Missouri Press. 2012. ss. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.

[:1-4] Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States: United States. 2007. s. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...

[:0-5] Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2000. ss. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.

[6] Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009. ss. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.

[7] Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ss. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.

[8] Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution 11 Nisan 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136

[9] Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, 978-1442216044.

[10] Busch (1 Aralık 2011). "Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives". Society. 49 (1): 13-23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4.

[11] "V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual?". The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics. UNC Press Books. 1988. ss. 186-188. ISBN 9781469632469. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2019.

[12] Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. Taylor & Francis. 2018. s. 96. ISBN 9780429974533. 11 Nisan 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.

[13] Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2004. ss. 51-53. ISBN 9781851095131. 11 Nisan 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.

[google.com-14] "Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38". 1 Şubat 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2021.

[15] M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.

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Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde muhafazakârlık Nedir?